2022---ethereum--transaction-fees--finally--plummeting---the-merge-has-nothing-to-do-with-it Here

The adoption of Flashbots helped move much of the "bidding" for transaction priority off-chain.

These "rollups" process transactions off-chain and bundle them, significantly reducing the load on the Ethereum Mainnet. The adoption of Flashbots helped move much of

Optimised smart contracts (like ERC-721A) reduced the gas required for minting. The adoption of Flashbots helped move much of

It did not significantly expand the network's capacity to handle more transactions per second. The adoption of Flashbots helped move much of

The "plummeting" fees in 2022 were driven by a combination of market cooling and technical evolution:

While the Merge improved Ethereum's energy efficiency by 99%, fee reduction is being addressed through . This phase of the roadmap focuses on "sharding" and "data blobs" (EIP-4844), which specifically aim to make Layer 2 transactions even cheaper and increase overall network throughput.