: Migrants face extreme environmental hazards, including dehydration, exhaustion, and violence from both smugglers and authorities in militarized border zones.
: Researchers describe coyotaje as taking place in "liminal spaces"—geographical and legal gray areas where traditional documentation is difficult and the outcome of a journey can swing between success and tragedy. Risks and Safety Coyotaje
Coyotaje operates as a complex network that has evolved from small-scale local arrangements into a multi-layered, technologically savvy business. : Migrants face extreme environmental hazards