The Ottoman Empire, - 1300-1650

: All land was technically owned by the Sultan, preventing the rise of independent landed nobles. Transition and Stagnation (1566–1650)

used massive cannons to breach the "impregnable" walls of Constantinople. He renamed it Istanbul , turning it into a thriving cosmopolitan hub and ending the Byzantine Empire. Expansion East and South

: New World silver caused massive inflation within the empire. The Ottoman Empire, 1300-1650

(r. 1512–1520) shifted focus to the Islamic heartlands: Defeated the Safavids in Persia.

: Pushed to the gates of Vienna (1529) and took most of Hungary. : All land was technically owned by the

: Religious minorities (Jews and Christians) governed their own communal affairs.

🎯 : By 1650, the Ottoman Empire had shifted from a conquering "war machine" to a bureaucratic state focused on maintaining its massive borders against rising European and Safavid rivals. Expansion East and South : New World silver

After Suleiman, the empire faced internal and external pressures.